Polynesian pirogues, symbols of the maritime cultures of Oceania, embody a rich heritage of know-how and traditions handed down from generation to generation. These boats are equipped with indispensable accessories that are not only functional tools, but also elements reflecting the identity and craftsmanship of these peoples. Let's take a closer look at the main accessories found on these pirogues.
Paddles: instruments of propulsion and refined craftsmanship
Paddles are central to the propulsion of Polynesian pirogues. Unlike oars, they don't rest on the edge of the boat and, unlike oars, are used independently. Since the 20th century, paddles in French Polynesia have adopted a design similar to those of the Society Islands, with a long, thin, cylindrical shaft, sometimes with a handle, and a short, wide, spatulate blade.
Each archipelago has its own specific features. In the Marquesas Islands, paddles are distinguished by their slender, handleless shafts, while shovels, often curved, take on elongated, lanceolate or oval shapes. In the Gambier Islands, marquise paddles share a common feature: a beak-shaped spur at the end of the shovel. This detail, as decorative as it is functional, remains shrouded in mystery as to its exact role. Some see it as a way of achieving a more harmonious sound by striking the water, while others assume it is a weapon in case of conflict, or to protect the paddle from rocks.
The Tuamotus, with local variations, are distinguished by paddles where the curved shovel ends in an inclined knob, notably at Reao and Pukarua. At Fagataufa and Napuka, the back of the paddle has a raised edge to reinforce the structure, while at Vahitahi, this edge is partially separated from the shaft. These paddles, made from miro wood, nicknamed the "rosewood of Oceania", average 1.5 meters in length. They are named by similar terms in the various Polynesian languages, testifying to their shared cultural importance.
The Austral Islands, particularly Ra'ivavae, are famous for their ceremonial paddles, beautifully engraved with geometric motifs. Often fitted with handles, they may have originally been used by chiefs to guide their pirogues on important occasions, before becoming prized objects for Westerners.
Paddle rudders: robust and maneuverable
Paddle-governails, on the other hand, are larger, sturdier accessories designed to steer larger pirogues. Their massive shape is adapted to the needs of each craft. Always fitted with a handle for better control, these paddles play a strategic role in navigation, helping to maintain trajectory even in difficult conditions.
There are two attachment systems for these paddle-gouvernails. The first involves attaching the paddle in the middle, using a crossbar and vertical pegs, to the sides of the pirogue, thus allowing manoeuvrability both fore and aft. The second device rests on a Y-shaped support at the rear of the hull, blocking the shaft base. These paddles play a crucial role in large boats, where precise steering ensures safe offshore navigation.
Bails: essential survival tools
Although simple in design, scoops are indispensable accessories aboard pirogues. In the absence of modern pumps, these containers are used to evacuate water that seeps into the boat, particularly during bad weather or long crossings. Made from local materials, they are a symbol of the resilience of Polynesian sailors, ready to face up to sometimes difficult sea conditions.
Anchors: natural and ingenious anchors
Traditional Polynesian pirogue anchors are essentially stones with holes or grooves to facilitate rope attachment. Simple yet effective, these anchors help stabilize the pirogue on the high seas or close to shore, giving crews a break. Their ingenious design, taking advantage of available natural resources, illustrates the adaptation of Polynesian populations to their maritime environment.
Pirogue accessories, whether paddles, rudders, bails or anchors, are more than just navigation tools. They reflect ancestral know-how, a culture deeply rooted in the sea, and a remarkable adaptation to the often demanding conditions of the Pacific Ocean. Beyond their functionality, these objects are also symbols of cultural identity and the transmission of Polynesian traditions, which continue to inspire today's board sports enthusiasts.
